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Saturday, August 29, 2015

Taylor Swift - "A Perfectly Good Heart" Lyrics

[Chorus 1:]
Why would you wanna break a perfectly good heart?
Why would you wanna take our love and tear it all apart,now?
Why would you wanna make the very first scar?
Why would you wanna break a perfectly good heart?

Maybe I should've seen the signs, should've read the writing on the wall.
And realized by the distance in your eyes that I would be the one to fall.
No matter what you say, I still can't believe
That you would walk away.
It don't make sense to me, but:

[Repeat Chorus 1:]
Why would you wanna break a perfectly good heart?
Why would you wanna take our love and tear it all apart, now?
Why would you wanna make the very first scar?
Why would you wanna break a perfectly good heart?

It's not unbroken anymore.
How do I get it back the way it was before?

[Chorus 2:]
Why would you wanna break a perfectly good heart?
Why would you wanna take our love and tear it all apart,now?
Why would you wanna make the very first scar?
Why would you wanna break, would you wanna break a:

[Repeat Chorus 1:]
Why would you wanna break a perfectly good heart?
Why would you wanna take our love and tear it all apart, now?
Why would you wanna make the very first scar?
Why would you wanna break a perfectly good heart? 
 
http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/aperfectlygoodheart.html

Taylor Swift - "Invisible" Lyrics

She can’t see the way your eyes
Light up when you smile.
She’ll never notice how you stop and stare
Whenever she walks by.

And you can’t see me wantin' you the way you want her
But you are everything to me.

[Chorus:]
I just wanna show you
She don’t even know you,
She's never gonna love you like I want to.
And you just see right through me.
If you only knew me
We could be a beautiful
Miracle,
Unbelievable
Instead of just invisible.

There’s a fire inside of you
That can’t help but shine through.
She’s never gonna see the light
No matter what you do.

And all I think about is how to make you think of me
And everything that we could be

[Chorus]

Like shadows in a faded light
Oh, we’re invisible.
I just wanna open your eyes
And make you realize.

I just wanna show you
She don’t even know you.
Baby, let me love you,
Let me want you.
You just see right through me
But if you only knew me
We could be a beautiful
Miracle,
Unbelievable
Instead of just invisible.

She can’t see the way your eyes
Light up when you smile. 
 
http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/invisible.html

Taylor Swift - "I'm Only Me When I'm With You" Lyrics

Friday night beneath the stars,
in a field behind your yard,
you and I are paintin' pictures in the sky.
And sometimes we don't say a thing;
just listen to the crickets sing.
Everything I need is right here by my side.
And I know everything about you
I don't wanna live without you.

[Chorus:]
I'm only up when you're not down.
Don't wanna fly if you're still on the ground.
It's like no matter what I do.
Well you drive me crazy half the time;
the other half I'm only trying to let you know that what I feel is true.
And I'm only me when I'm with you.

Just a small town boy and girl
livin' in a crazy world.
Tryin' to figure out what is and isn't true.
And I don't try to hide my tears.
The secrets or my deepest fears.
Through it all nobody gets me like you do.
And you know everything about me.
You say that you can't live without me.

[Chorus]

When I'm with anybody else it's so hard to be myself.
Only you can tell.

[Chorus:]
That I'm only up when you're not down.
Don't wanna fly if you're still on the ground.
It's like no matter what I do.
Well you drive me crazy half the time;
the other half I'm only trying to let you know that what I feel is true.
And I'm only me
Who I wanna be
Well, I'm only me when I'm with you
With you
Uh huh
Yeah 
 
http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/imonlymewhenimwithyou.html

Taylor Swift - "Our Song" Lyrics

I was riding shotgun
With my hair undone
In the front seat of his car
He's got a one-hand feel
On the steering wheel
The other on my heart
I look around, turn the radio down
He says, "Baby is something wrong?"
I say, "Nothing,
I was just thinking
How we don't have a song"
And he says...

[Chorus:]
Our song is the slamming screen door,
Sneakin' out late, tapping on your window
When we're on the phone and you talk real slow
'cause it's late and your mama don't know
Our song is the way you laugh
The first date: "Man, I didn't kiss her, when I should have"
And when I got home ... 'fore I said amen
Asking God if he could play it again

I was walking up
The front porch steps
After everything that day
Had gone all wrong
And been trampled on
And lost and thrown away
Got to the hallway,
Well on my way
To my lovin' bed
I almost didn't notice
All the roses
And the note that said...

[Chorus:]
Our song is the slamming screen door,
Sneakin' out late, tapping on your window
When we're on the phone and you talk real slow
'cause it's late and your mama don't know
Our song is the way you laugh
The first date: "Man, I didn't kiss her, when I should have"
And when I got home ... 'fore I said amen
Asking God if he could play it again

I've heard every album, listened to the radio
Waited for something to come along
That was as good as our song...

[Chorus:]
'Cause our song is the slamming screen door,
Sneakin' out late, tapping on his window
When we're on the phone and he talks real slow
'cause it's late and his mama don't know
Our song is the way he laughs
The first date: "Man, I didn't kiss him, when I should have"
And when I got home ... 'fore I said amen
Asking God if he could play it again
Play it again

Oh, yeah...
Oh-oh, yeah.

I was riding shotgun
With my hair undone
In the front seat of his car
I grabbed a pen
And an old napkin
And I wrote down our song 
 
http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/oursong.html

Taylor Swift - "Mary's Song (Oh My My My)" Lyrics

She said, I was seven and you were nine
I looked at you like the stars that shined
In the sky, the pretty lights
And our daddies used to joke about the two of us
Growing up and falling in love and our mamas smiled
And rolled their eyes and said oh my my my

Take me back to the house in the backyard tree
Said you'd beat me up, you were bigger than me
You never did, you never did
Take me back when our world was one block wide
I dared you to kiss me and ran when you tried
Just two kids, you and I...
Oh my my my my

Well, I was sixteen when suddenly
I wasn't that little girl you used to see
But your eyes still shined like pretty lights
And our daddies used to joke about the two of us
They never believed we'd really fall in love
And our mamas smiled and rolled their eyes
And said oh my my my...

Take me back to the creek beds we turned up
Two A.M. riding in your truck and all I need is you next to me
Take me back to the time we had our very first fight
The slamming of doors instead of kissing goodnight
You stayed outside till the morning light
Oh my my my my

A few years had gone and come around
We were sitting at our favorite spot in town
And you looked at me, got down on one knee

Take me back to the time when we walked down the aisle
Our whole town came and our mamas cried
You said I do and I did too
Take me home where we met so many years before
We'll rock our babies on that very front porch
After all this time, you and I

I'll be eighty-seven; you'll be eighty-nine
I'll still look at you like the stars that shine
In the sky, oh my my my... 
 
http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/maryssongohmymymy.html

Taylor Swift - "Should've Said No" Lyrics

It's strange to think the songs we used to sing
The smiles, the flowers, everything is gone
Yesterday I found out about you
Even now just looking at you feels wrong

You say that you'd take it all back, given one chance
It was a moment of weakness and you said, "Yes."

[Chorus:]
You should've said "No", you should've gone home
You should've thought twice 'fore you let it all go
You should've known that word, with what you did with her,
Get back to me (get back to me).
And I should've been there in the back of your mind
I shouldn't be asking myself, "Why?"
You shouldn't be begging for forgiveness at my feet...
You should've said "No", baby, and you might still have me

You can see that I've been crying
Baby, you know all the right things to say
But do you honestly expect me to believe
We could ever be the same?

You say that the past is the past, you need one chance
It was a moment of weakness and you said, "Yes."

[Chorus]

I can't resist
Before you go, tell me this:
Was it worth it?
Was she worth this?

No... no, no, no...

[Chorus]
 
http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/shouldvesaidno.html 

Taylor Swift - "Stay Beautiful" Lyrics

Cory's eyes are like a jungle
He smiles, it's like the radio
He whispers songs into my window
In words that nobody knows
There's pretty girls on every corner
That watch him as he's walking home
Saying, "Does he know?"
Will you ever know?

[Chorus:]
You're beautiful
Every little piece love,
And don't you know
You're really gonna be someone,
Ask anyone.
And when you find everything you looked for
I hope your life lead you back to my door
Oh, but if it don't,
Stay beautiful

Cory finds another way to be
The highlight of my day
I'm taking pictures in my mind
So I can save them for a rainy day
It's hard to make a conversation
When he's taking my breath away
I should say, hey, by the way...

[Chorus]

If you and I are a story
That never gets told
If what you are is a daydream
I'll never get to hold,
At least you'll know...

You're beautiful
Every little piece love,
And don't you know
You're really gonna be someone,
Ask anyone.
And when you find everything you looked for,
I hope your life lead you back to my front door.
Oh, but if it don't
Will you stay
Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful
Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful
La la la
Oh, oh, oh, oh,
Oh, but if it don't,
Stay beautiful
Stay beautiful
Na, na, na, na, na

http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/staybeautiful.html

Taylor Swift - "Tied Together With A Smile" Lyrics

Seems the only one who doesn't see your beauty
Is the face in the mirror looking back at you
You walk around here thinking you're not pretty
But that's not true, cause I know you...

[Chorus:]
Hold on, baby, you're losing it
The water's high, you're jumping into it
And letting go... and no one knows
That you cry, but you don't tell anyone
That you might not be the golden one
And you're tied together with a smile
But you're coming undone

I guess it's true that love was all you wanted
Cause you're giving it away like it's extra change
Hoping it will end up in his pocket
But he leaves you out like a penny in the rain
Oh, cause it's not his price to pay
Not his price to pay...

[Chorus x2]

You're tied together with a smile
But you're coming undone... oh
Goodbye, baby
With a smile, baby, baby

http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/tiedtogetherwithasmile.html

Taylor Swift - The Outside Lyrics

I didn't know what I would find
When I went looking for a reason, I know
I didn't read between the lines
And, baby, I've got nowhere to go
I tried to take the road less traveled by
But nothing seems to work the first few times
Am I right?

[Chorus:]

So how can I ever try to be better?
Nobody ever lets me in
I can still see you, this ain't the best view
On the outside looking in
I've been a lot of lonely places
I've never been on the outside

You saw me there, but never knew
I would give it all up to be
A part of this, a part of you
And now it's all too late so you see
You could've helped if you had wanted to
But no one notices until it's too
Late to do anything

[Repeat Chorus]

So how can I ever try to be better?
Nobody ever lets me in
I can still see you, this ain't the best view
On the outside looking in
I've been a lot of lonely places
I've never been on the outside 
 
(http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/theoutside.html)

Taylor Swift - Cold As You Lyrics

You have a way of coming easily to me
And when you take, you take the very best of me
So I start a fight cause I need to feel something
And you do what you want cause I'm not what you wanted

[Chorus:]

Oh what a shame, what a rainy ending given to a perfect day
Just walk away, no use defending words that you will never say
And now that I'm sitting here thinking it through
I've never been anywhere cold as you

You put up walls and paint them all a shade of gray
And I stood there loving you and wished them all away
And you come away with a great little story
Of a mess of a dreamer with the nerve to adore you

[Repeat Chorus]

You never did give a damn thing honey but I cried, cried for you
And I know you wouldn't have told nobody if I died, died for you
(Died for you)

Oh what a shame, what a rainy ending given to a perfect day
Every smile you fake is so condescending
Counting all the scars you made
And now that I'm sitting here thinking it through
I've never been anywhere cold as you 
 
(http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/coldasyou.html)

Taylor Swift - A Place In This World Lyrics

I don't know what I want, so don't ask me
Cause I'm still trying to figure it out
Don't know what's down this road, I'm just walking
Trying to see through the rain coming down
Even though I'm not the only one
Who feels the way I do

[Chorus:]
I'm alone, on my own, and that's all I know
I'll be strong, I'll be wrong, oh but life goes on
Oh, I'm just a girl, trying to find a place in this world

Got the radio on, my old blue jeans
And I'm wearing my heart on my sleeve
Feeling lucky today, got the sunshine
Could you tell me what more do I need
And tomorrow's just a mystery, oh yeah
But that's ok

[Chorus]

Maybe I'm just a girl on a mission
But I'm ready to fly

I'm alone, on my own, and that's all I know
I'll be strong, I'll be wrong, oh but life goes on
Oh I'm alone, on my own, and that's all I know
Oh I'm just a girl, trying to find a place in this world

Oh I'm just a girl
Oh I'm just a girl, oh, oh,
Oh I'm just a girl 
 
(http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/aplaceinthisworld.html)

Taylor swift - Teardrops On My Guitar Lyrics

Drew looks at me, I fake a smile so he won't see
That I want and I'm needing everything that we should be
I'll bet she's beautiful, that girl he talks about,
And she's got everything that I have to live without.

Drew talks to me, I laugh 'cause it's just so funny [radio version]
Drew talks to me, I laugh 'cause it's so damn funny [CD version]
That I can't even see anyone when he's with me
He says he's so in love, he's finally got it right,
I wonder if he knows he's all I think about at night

[Chorus:]
He's the reason for the teardrops on my guitar
The only thing that keeps me wishing on a wishing star
He's the song in the car I keep singing, don't know why I do

Drew walks by me, can he tell that I can't breathe?
And there he goes, so perfectly,
The kind of flawless I wish I could be
She better hold him tight, give him all her love
Look in those beautiful eyes and know she's lucky 'cause

[Chorus]

So I drive home alone.
As I turn out the light
I'll put his picture down
And maybe get some sleep tonight.

'Cause he's the reason for the teardrops on my guitar
The only one who's got enough of me to break my heart
He's the song in the car I keep singing, don't know why I do
He's the time taken up, but there's never enough
And he's all that I need to fall into.

Drew looks at me, I fake a smile so he won't see. 
 
(http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/teardropsonmyguitar.html)

Taylor Swift - Picture To Burn Lyrics

State the obvious, I didn't get my perfect fantasy
I realize you love yourself more than you could ever love me
So go and tell your friends that I'm obsessive and crazy
[Album version line:] That's fine I'll tell mine that you're gay!
[Music video version line:] That's fine you won't mind if I say
By the way...

[Chorus:]
I hate that stupid old pickup truck
You never let me drive
You're a redneck heartbreak
Who's really bad at lying
So watch me strike a match
On all my wasted time
As far as I'm concerned you're
Just another picture to burn!

There's no time for tears,
I'm just sitting here planning my revenge
There's nothing stopping me
From going out with all of your best friends
And if you come around saying sorry to me
My daddy's gonna show you how sorry you'll be

[Chorus]

And if you're missing me,
You'd better keep it to yourself
'Cause coming back around here
Would be bad for your health...

'Cause I hate that stupid old pickup truck
You never let me drive
You're a redneck heartbreak
Who's really bad at lying
So watch me strike a match
On all my wasted time
In case you haven't heard,
I really really hate that...

[Chorus]

Burn, burn, burn, baby, burn
You're just another picture to burn
Baby, burn...

(Source: http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/picturetoburn.html)

Taylor Swift - Tim McGraw Lyrics

He said the way my blue eyes shined
Put those Georgia stars to shame that night
I said, "That's a lie."
Just a boy in a Chevy truck
That had a tendency of gettin' stuck
On back roads at night
And I was right there beside him all summer long
And then the time we woke up to find that summer gone

But when you think Tim McGraw
I hope you think my favorite song
The one we danced to all night long
The moon like a spotlight on the lake
When you think happiness
I hope you think that little black dress
Think of my head on your chest
And my old faded blue jeans
When you think Tim McGraw
I hope you think of me

September saw a month of tears
And thankin' God that you weren't here
To see me like that
But in a box beneath my bed
Is a letter that you never read
From three summers back
It's hard not to find it all a little bitter sweet
And lookin' back on all of that, it's nice to believe

When you think Tim McGraw
I hope you think my favorite song
The one we danced to all night long
The moon like a spotlight on the lake
When you think happiness
I hope you think that little black dress
Think of my head on your chest
And my old faded blue jeans
When you think Tim McGraw
I hope you think of me

And I'm back for the first time since then
I'm standin' on your street
And there's a letter left on your doorstep
And the first thing that you'll read is:

When you think Tim McGraw
I hope you think my favorite song
Someday you'll turn your radio on
I hope it takes you back to that place
When you think happiness
I hope you think that little black dress
Think of my head on your chest
And my old faded blue jeans
When you think Tim McGraw
I hope you think of me

Oh, think of me
Mmmm

He said the way my blue eyes shined
Put those Georgia stars to shame that night
I said, "That's a lie."

 (Source: http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/timmcgraw.html)

Friday, August 28, 2015

Zoologi Invertebrata - Protozoa


BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

1.1.Latar Belakang
Pada zaman purba, ada spesies-spesies yang mampu menyusun kulit atau kerangka luar tubuhnya yang terbentuk dari zat kapur atau kersik. Hal ini diketahui dari fosil-fosil yang terdapat dari batu-batu yang berasal dari ± 600 juta tahun yang lalu. Spesies yang berkerangka kersik lebih dahulu hidupnya dibandingkan dengan yang berkerangka kapur. Pada saat pengeboran minyak, ditemukan fosil-fosil renik. Dari sinilah awal mulanya diketahui mikroorganisme yang bernama Protozoa (Radiopoetro, 1986).
Saat ini terdapat persamaan pendapat bahwa istilah tumbuhan dan hewan sukar digunakan bagi organisme uniseluler karena adanya kesamaan-kesamaan didalam semua organisme tersebut. Timbullah gagasan untuk menyebut organisme uniseluler tersebut dengan protista. Protista terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu protista mirip hewan (Protozoa), protista mirip tumbuhan (algae), dan Protista mirip jamur (Campbell, 2012).
Protozoa merupakan filum mikrorganisme terkecil yang ada di muka bumi, ukurannya benar-benar kecil sehingga tidak dapat dilihat dengan kasat mata melainkan harus menggunakan bantuan alat yaitu mikroskop (Campbell, 2012).
Protozoa dibedakan dari prokariot karena ukurannya yang lebih besar, dan selnya eukariotik. Protozoa dibedakan dari Algae karena tidak berklorofil, dibedakan dari jamur karena dapat bergerak aktif dan tidak berdinding sel, serta dibedakan dari jamur lendir karena tidak dapat membentuk badan buah. Bentuk tubuh Protozoa berbeda-beda pada fase yang berbeda dalam siklus hidupnya. Protozoa memiliki alat gerak yaitu ada yang berupa kaki semu, bulu getar (cilia) atau bulu cambuk (flagel). Beberapa Protozoa memiliki fase vegetatif yang bersifat aktif yang disebut tropozoit dan fase dorman dalam bentuk sista. Tropozoit akan aktif mencari makan dan bereproduksi selama kondisi memungkinkan. Jika kondisi tidak memungkinkan kehidupan tropozoit maka Protozoa akan membentuk sista. Sista merupakan bentuk sel Protozoa yang terdehidrasi dan berdinding tebal mirip dengan endospora yang terjadi pada bakteri. Pada umumnya berkembang biak dengan membelah diri (Radiopoetro, 1986).
 Protozoa terdapat di seluruh lingkungan berair dan tanah, menduduki berbagai tingkat tropik. Oleh karena itu, diadakanlah praktikum ini untuk mengetahui hewan-hewan  berfilum Protozoa yang ada di beberapa air yang biasanya banyak terdapat disana serta untuk memahami ciri-cirinya.

1.2.Tujuan
Tujuan dari praktikum Zoologi Invertebrata dengan judul “Filum Protozoa” ini adalah agar mahasiswa dapat:
1.    Mengamati dan mengenal jenis-jenis Protozoa
2.    Membedakan ciri-ciri khusus yang terdapat dalam tiap-tiap kelas protozoa
3.    Dapat membuat pembiakan protozoa
4.    Mengenal habitat protozoa


BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1.Pengertian Protozoa
Filum Protozoa dikenal sebagai filum untuk penggolongan hewan paling kecil jika dibandingkan dengan kelas hewan lainnya. Kata Protozoa sendiri berasal dari bahasa Yunani, protos yang berarti pertama dan zoion yang berarti binatang, sehingga dapat diartikan bahwa Protozoa merupakan mikroorganisme terkecil dan yang pertama kali ditemukan (Radiopoetro, 1986).
Protozoa memiliki habitat di tempat berair atau tempat basah, bila keadaan lingkungannya jadi kering, Protozoa akan membuat kristal (cyste). Karena Protozoa merupakan hewan bersel satu, kegiatan hidup dilakukan oleh sel itu sendiri. Protozoa merupakan kelompok lain Protista eukariotik, terkadang antara Algae dan Protozoa kurang jelas perbedaannya (Radiopoetro, 1986).
Protozoa hampir semuanya Protista bersel satu, mampu bergerak, dan makan dengan cara fagositosis, walaupun ada beberapa pengecualian. Protozoa biasanya berukuran 0,01-0,5 mm, tetapi dapat tumbuh sampai dengan 1 mm, sehingga tidak bisa dilihat dengan mata telanjang melainkan harus menggunakan mikroskop untuk melihatnya (Campbell, 2012).
Protozoa hanya dapat hidup dari zat-zat organik, dan merupakan konsumen dalam komunitas, mereka memakan bakteri atau mikroorganisme lain/sisa-sisa organisme. Di perairan umumnya merupakan zoo plankton (Campbell, 2012).

2.2.Klasifikasi Protozoa
Untuk jenis-jenis Protozoa sendiri, telah lebih dari 60 ribu Protozoa yang sudah teridentifikasi (Campbell, 2012). Jenis Protozoa yang sangat beragam tersebut dapat dibedakan menjadi 4 macam berdasarkan alat geraknya, antara lain:

1.         Kelas Rhizopoda/Sarcodina
Semua Protozoa yang tergolong kelas Rhizopoda bergerak dengan  penjuluran protoplasma selnya yang membentuk kaki semu (pseudopodia). Bentuk pseudopodia beragam, ada yang tebal membulat dan ada yang tipis meruncing. Pseudopodia berfungsi sebagai alat gerak dan alat memangsa makanan (Rohmimohtarto, 2007).
Bentuk sel Rhizopoda berubah-ubah saat diam dan bergerak, protoplasma terdiri dari ektoplasma dan endoplasma. Ektoplasma adalah sel bagian luar yang berbatasan langsung dengan membran plasma. Endoplasma adalah plasma sel pada bagian dalam sel. Ektoplasma bersifat lebih kental dari endoplasma. Aliran endoplasma dan ektoplasma tersebut berperan dalam penjuluran dan penarikan pseudopodia (Rohmimohtarto, 2007).
Rhizopoda berkembang biak secara aseksual dengan pembelahan biner. Pada kondisi lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan, misalnya kekeringan, Rhizopoda tertentu dapat beradaptasi untuk mempertahankan hidupnya dengan membentuk kista. Contohnya adalah Amoeba (Rohmimohtarto, 2007).
Rhizopoda umumnya hidup bebas di tanah yang lembab dan di lingkungan yang berair, baik di darat maupun di laut. Rhizopoda bersifat heterotrof dengan  memangsa alga uniseluler, bakteri atau Protozoa lain. Contoh dari kelas Rhizopoda yaitu Amoeba, Arcella vulgaris, Difflugia corona, Foraminifera, Heliozoa, Radiolaria, dll (Rohmimohtarto, 2007).

2.         Kelas Flagellata/Mastigophora
Flagellata berasal dari kata flagell yang berarti cambuk dan phora yang berarti gerakan. Sehingga diartikan Flagellata atau Mastigophora bergerak menggunakan bulu cambuk atau flagellum. Sebagian besar Flagellata mempunyai dua flagellum (Radiopoetro, 1986).
Flagellata berkembang biak secara aseksual dengan pembelahan biner membujur, misalnya pada Trypanosoma. Flagellata ada yang hidup bebas di lingkungan berair, baik air tawar maupun air laut, dan ada yang hidup bersimbiosis dalam tubuh hewan. Flagellata yang hidup bersimbiosis, misalnya Trichonympha campanula hidup pada usus rayap dan kecoa kayu. Flagellata ini membantu rayap atau kecoa mencerna kayu yang dimakan serangga tersebut (Radiopoetro, 1986).
Sejumlah Flagellata menginfeksi manusia, menimbulkan penyakit pada alat kelamin, usus dan penyakit sistemik (Radiopoetro, 1986).

3.         Kelas Ciliata/Infusoria
Ciliata berasal dari bahasa latin, yaitu cilia yang bearti rambut kecil, atau ciliophora, dengan phora yang berarti gerakan sehingga dapat diartikan bahwa ciliata bergerak dengan menggunakan silia (rambut getar). Ciliata juga disebut Infusoria (infus= menuang) karena hewan ini ditemukan juga pada air buangan atau air cucuran (Nizkon, 2010).
Ciliata hidup bebas di lingkungan berair, baik air tawar maupun air laut. Ciliata juga hidup di dalam tubuh hewan lain secara simbiosis maupun parasit. Bentuk Ciliata seperti sandal (cenela), ada bagian yang tampak disebelah depan dan meruncing dibagian belakang disana banyak terdapat silia untuk alat gerak dengan cara bergetar. Terdapat trichocyst, mulut, rongga makanan dan rongga berdenyut, makronukleus, mikronukleus, dan sel dubur (Nizkon, 2010).
Respirasi dan ekskresi terjadi melalui permukaan tubuhnya (selaput plasma) tubuhnya dilindungi oleh pellicle, dibawahnya terdapat trichocyst yang akan dikeluarkan jika dirangsang (Nizkon, 2010).
Contoh-contoh lain cilliata: (Nizkon, 2010)
1.              Didinium nasutum (holotricha),
2.              Stentor coeruleus (heterortchicha)
3.              Vorticella campanula(peritricha)
4.              Stylonychia mytilus (hypotricha)
5.              Podophrya collini

4.         Kelas Sporozoa
Berasal dari kata sporo yang berarti benih, dan zoion artinya binatang. Sporozoa tidak memiliki alat gerak. Hewan-hewan ini merupakan hewan parasit. Siklus hidup Sporozoa sangat rumit karena menyangkut beberapa spesies hopes, contoh Sporozoa yang paling umum ialah Plasmodium sp penyebab penyakit malaria, ditemukan oleh Charles Laveran, Roland Ross, dan Grassi, ditularkan oleh nyamuk anopheles. Berkembang biak secara vegetatif di dalam tubuh manusia dan generatif di dalam tubuh nyamuk. Di dalam tubuh manusia, sporozoid akan menyerang sel darah merah (Schizogony), selanjutnya membiak secara vegetatif menjadi merozoit yang disebut sporulasi (Nizkon, 2010).
Kelas Sporozoa dibagi atas tiga ordo: (Nizkon, 2010)
a.              Ordo Gregarina
Merupakan parasit yang intra dan ekstra seluler pada invertebrata (insecta) khususnya di saluran pencernaan. Contohnya Leidyana erratica.
b.              Ordo Coccodia
Sporozoa yang seluruh siklus hidupnya dilalui pada hopes tunggal, contohnya Isospora hominis.
c.              Ordo Haemosporidia
Sporozoa yang hidup sebagai parasit dalam darah. Contohnya Plasmodium malariae.

.

BAB III
METODOLOGI PRAKTIKUM

3.1.Waktu dan Tempat
Praktikum Zoologi Invertebrata “Filum Protozoa” dilaksanakan pada hari Rabu, tanggal 6 November 2013, pada pukul 13.20 sampai dengan pukul 15.00 WIB. Praktikum ini dilaksanakan di dalam Laboratorium Biologi Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Raden Fatah Palembang.

3.2.Alat dan Bahan
3.2.1.Alat
Alat yang digunakan yaitu panci, kompor, botol kosong, kain kasa, mikroskop, pipet tetes, beaker glass, deck glass, dan object glass.

3.2.2. Bahan
Bahan yang digunakan yaitu air kolam, air kubangan, air sawah, dan air rawa.


3.3.Cara Kerja
3.3.1.Cara Membuat Perbenihan
1.         Ambil air dari kolam, tempat becek sawah, dll, dengan sampah yang ada diikutkan.
2.         Siapkan rumput kering, potonglah 2-3 cm. Rumput tersebut direbus sampai bewarna kecoklatan.
3.         Rumput dimasukkan ke dalam botol bersama dengan air sampel hingga setengah botol. Air yang diambil dari tempat berbeda tidak boleh dicampur. Khusus air yang diambil dari bagian dasar dapat ditambahkan kurang lebih 15 butir beras.
4.         Botol ditutup dengan kain kasa.
5.         Perbenihan dilakukan mulai dari 3-7 hari sebelum praktikum.
6.         Simpanlah perbenihan ditempat yang tidak terkena cahaya matahari langsung.
3.3.2.Langkah Kerja Pada Saat Pengamatan
1.         Sediakan object glass kemudian tetesilah dengan setetes air dari salah satu bahan praktikum yang telah tersedia dengan menggunakan pipet
2.         Tetesan air tadi ditutup menggunakan deck glass secara perlahan-lahan
3.         Preparat siap diamati dengan mikroskop, mula-mula dipergunakan perbesaran lemah, bila hewan sudah ditemukan, baru digunakan perbesaran kuat
4.         Kalau hewan yang dimaksud belum ditemukan, ambillah air pembenihan pada bagian permukaan tengah dan bawah.
5.         Untuk jenis air yang lain diperlakukan sama seperti pada point 1 sampai 4.




BAB IV
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN

4.1.  Hasil
Hasil pengamatan yang didapatkan dengan sumber sampel air sawah yaitu:
1.         Euglena viridis

Keterangan:
1.
2.
3.

6
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2.      Paramecium sp
Keterangan:
1.
2.
3.
4.

5






Gambar Referensi:

Euglena viridis
 

Paramecium sp
 


4.2.  Pembahasan
Setelah melakukan pengamatan pada pembenihan air sawah didapatkan mikroorganisme dua mikroorganisme yaitu Paramecium sp. dan Euglena viridis. Paramecium sp. yang ditemukan berbentuk oval, memiliki alat gerak berupa silia, dan bergerak sangat aktif dan berwarna putih atau bening saat diamati pada mikroskop. Secara rinci kedua Protozoa dijelaskan sebagai berikut:
4.2.1.      Euglena viridis
1.    Morfologi
Euglena viridis memiliki  tubuh yang menyerupai gelendong dan diselimuti oleh folikel Euglena viridis. Ukuran tubuhnya 35-60 mikron dimana ujung tubuhnya meruncing dengan satu bulu cambuk yang berfungsi sebagi alat gerak. Flagel terbentuk di sisi reservoir, hewan ini memilki stigma (bintik mata berwarna merah) yang digunakan untuk membedakan gelap dan terang.
2.    Anatomi
Euglena viridis memiliki  tubuh secara anatomis yang menyerupai gelendong. Di dalam tubuhnya terdapat nukleus yang berfungsi sebagai pusat pengendali seluruh kegiatan aktivitasnya, mempunyai vakuola kontraktil, kloroplas sebagai tempat fotosintesis ketika sinar matahari mencukupi, terdapat pula stigma serta flagel yang berfungsi sebagai alat gerak Euglena viridis.
3.    Habitat
Habitat Euglena viridis air tawar dan melimpah di daerah ini, seperti di kolam peternakan atau parit saluran air, yang mengkonsumsi kotoran binatang.
4.    Sistem Reproduksi dan Sistem Sirkulasi
Untuk reproduksi Euglena viridis berkembang biak secara vegetatif, yaitu dengan pembelahan biner secara membujur. Pembelahan ini dimulai dengan membelahnya nukleus menjadi dua. Selanjutnya flagel dan sitoplasma serta selaput sel juga terbagi menjadi dua. Akhirnya terbentuklah dua sel euglena baru. Sistem sirkulasi Euglena viridis mengambil zat organik yang terlarut di sekitarnya. Pengambilan zat organik dilakukan dengan cara absorbsi melalui membran sel. Selanjutnya, zat makanan itu dicernakan secara enzimatis di dalam sitoplasma.

4.2.2.      Paramecium sp
1.    Morfologi
Paramecium sp memiliki bentuk oval, sandal, bulat di bagian depan/atas dan tubuh yang seluruhnya atau sebagian ditutupi oleh cilia atau rambut getar. Lubang bagian belakang disebut pori anal.
2.        Anatomi
Bentuk tubuh Paramecium sp secara anatomis seperti sandal (alas kaki), kulit tipis dan elastis. Memiliki makronukleus satu, mikronukleus satu atau lebih, dimana makronukleus berfungsi sebagai alat reproduksi dan mikronekleus sebagai konjugasi. Terdapat vakuola makanan dan vakuola kontraktil yang terletak pada permukaan aboral yang berfungsi sebagai sistem ekskresi dan mengedarkan makanan keseluruh tubuh. Ujung sel bagian anterior lebih tumpul atau membulat.
3.        Habitat
Habitat alami mereka adalah air tawar.  Paramecium sp mengambil air dari hipotonik lingkungan melalui osmosis dan menggunakan kandung kemih seperti kontraktil vakuola untuk mengumpulkan kelebihan air dari kanal radial dan mengusir berkala melalui membran plasma oleh kontraksi di sekitar sitoplasma.
4.        Sistem Reproduksi dan Sistem Pencernaan
Paramecium sp ini berkembangbiak dengan cara membelah diri dan konjugasi. Pada pembiakan membelah diri inti mikro terbelah menjadi dua bagian, yang terbagi menjadi dua bagian tadi masing-masing bergerak kearah ujung sel yang berbeda arah/berlawanan arah, pada inti mikro membelah melintang menjadi dua bagian corong makanan dan rongga yang berdenyut yang kedua terbentuk juga dan disertai terjadinya lengkukan melintang yang membagi tubuh menjadi dua bagian yang sama besar. Sistem pencernaannya yaitu pencernaan makanan terjadi di dalam vakuola makanan. Awalnya makanan masuk ke dalam sel melalui rongga mulut, lalu masuk ke dalam sitostoma, kemudian makanan akan didorong masuk ke dalam sitofaring dan akan terus ke vakuola makanan untuk dicerna.